Dream Houses Everyone Wants to Live In

The English word house derives directly from the Old English Hus meaning “dwelling, shelter, home, house,” which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic Khusan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin. The house itself gave rise to the letter ‘B’ through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called “bayt”, “bet” or “beth” in various related languages, and became beta, the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans.

The houses are constructed differently based on the architectural design. The architectural design plays a vital role in elevation of a building that is being constructed. An architectural designer designs a buildings elevation based on many factors like..,

1. The money spent on the project.
2. Hight of the building.
3. Availability of space in the front of the building.

Landscape also plays a good role for a building attractivity in the present world. In the competitive world landscape and architectural design is important to make a dwelling shelter. 

          

The architectural designer makes a dwelling shelter attractive with the available materials in the market. In market, materials are costly and moderate and cheap designer takes the material into account after the owners willing to buy the materials. It is totally owners decision whether to buy costly or moderate priced materials. The designers never takes cheap priced items into account or never show them to the owner because cheap priced materials don't have good quality and less life.The materials with moderate and costly price tag have long life and to have a good quality.

The materials and items that are generally taken into account by the designer are 

• Tak wood
• Plywood
• Aluminium sections
• Glass 
• Trees
• gypsum boards
• calcium boards
• Electrical items such as bulbs, wires, plastic pipes, 

A landscape artist and a architectural designer never tries to destroy things or items such as trees, buildings or anything.But in return tries to save them from remodelling of a house or commercial building that are being constructed beside them.

So, has a landscape artist and a architectural designer it is their tough or job to make things beautiful or impressive.

Bridges types of bridges bridge pattern tower bridge bridge game

Definition of Bridges:

A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it.

Four main Factors Defines the bridge:

• Span (simple, continuous, cantilever)
• Travel Surface (deck, pony, through)
• Form (beam, truss, arch etc.,)
• Material (timber, concrete, steel)

Types of bridges:

Bridges can be categorized in different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.

• Beam bridge
• Truss bridge
• Cantilever bridge
• Arch bridge
• Tied Arch bridge
• Suspension bridge
• Cable bridge

Beam bridge:

Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either simply supported when the beams only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are connected across two or more spans. When there are multiple spans, the intermediate supports are known as piers. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple structures. In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden beams to large, steel boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes a shear and flexural load on the beam which is transferred down its length to the substructures on either side. They are typically made of steel, concrete or wood. Beam bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the flexural stresses increase proportional to the square of the length (and deflection increases proportional to the 4th power of the length). Beam bridges are the most common bridge type in use today.

Also Check:Introduction To Transportationl

Truss bridge:

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early twentieth century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.

Cantilever bridge:

Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the supporting piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials & techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action of the forces through the bridge.

Arch bridge:

Arch bridges have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks.

Tied arch bridge:

Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped superstructure, but differ from conventional arch bridges. Instead of transferring the weight of the bridge and traffic loads into thrust forces into the abutments, the ends of the arches are restrained by tension in the bottom chord of the structure. They are also called bowstring arches.

Suspension bridge:

Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river. Sub-types include the simple suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the self-anchored suspension bridge.

Cable-stayed bridge:

Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension bridges, are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately higher.

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What is autocad Learn autocad computer-aided design applications and shortcut commands and Free download autocad Tutorial

What is Autocad ?

AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD), and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and engineering software.— available since 1982 as a desktop application. The software is used to design a specific task like building plans, architectural works and vice-versa. It is used to get the accurate dimensions or measurements without any deviations in dimensions. 

AutoCAD was one of the first Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD)

software applications in the world.

The first version of AutoCAD was released at the end of 1982, and it was

designed to be used only on PCs.

Since 1982, AutoCAD has increased dramatically on a global scale.

Users can draw both two-dimensional (2D) drawings and three-dimensional

(3D) designs in AutoCAD.

There is another version of AutoCAD called AutoCAD LT that is dedicated

to 2D drafting only.

TYPES OF DRAWINGS

Two Dimensional Drawings.

Three Dimensional Drawings.

1. Two Dimensional Drawings:-

In the two dimensional drawings we (ourself) while drawing the plan by using software use only the X-axis and Y-axis planes. So in the two dimensional view the plan is visible only in two views i.e Top view.

                 The two dimensional plans are mostly drawn for measurements. 

  

   2. Three Dimensional Drawings:-

           

In the three dimensional drawings we while drawing the plan by using software opt for the three dimensional view the settings. By this the user can axis the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis planes. The three dimensional view the plan in three directions Top, Side, and Front view.

                   The three dimensional plans are used to show the elevations.

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MODELS CAN BE USED FOR DESIGNING

Aircrafts

Manufacturing

Buildings,Trusses,Bridges etc.,

Advantages of autocad

Reducing the design time

Producing prototype faster.

Higher Product Quality and Accuracy.

Higher Productivity

CAD is not only used as Drafting tool but also design tool like mass properties.etc.,

Cad is used for modelling

Wire frame Modelling

Surface Modelling

Solid Modelling

Fundamental concept of autocad commands

Basic geometric constructions

Orthographic projections

Advanced features

Three Dimensional Models.

Advanced packages by autodesk –mechanical desktop

Drafting and drawing

Legibility and quality Prints etc., compared to Hand Drawings.

Simulation

Database

Modifications.

Architecture software is the version of AutoCAD specifically for architectural design. Architectural drafting tools enable you to design and document

Typical Data that would be normally contained in drawing file is two types:

Organisational Data

Identification Number

Drawing Number

Design origin and status of changes

Current Status

Designer name

Data of Design

Scale

Type of Projection Company

2. Technological Data

Geometry

Dimensions

Tolerances

Surface finish

Material specifications or reference

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                         Autocad Shortcut Commands
                         Introduction to Autocad

Introduction to Transportation Engineering and Lecture Notice on Transportation Engineering

Introduction to Transportation Engineering:

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering.

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities

Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, segregated cycle facilities, shared lane marking, traffic signs, road surface markings and traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided.

Also Check: Fundamentals of Building Technology

Traffic engineering is closely associated with other disciplines:

• Transport engineering
• Pavement engineering
• Bicycle transportation engineering
• Highway engineering
• Transportation planning
• Urban planning
• Human factors engineering.

Typical traffic engineering projects involve designing traffic control device installations and modifications, including traffic signals, signs, and pavement markings. However, traffic engineers also consider traffic safety by investigating locations with high crash rates and developing countermeasures to reduce crashes. Traffic flow management can be short-term (preparing construction traffic control plans, including detour plans for pedestrian and vehicular traffic) or long-term (estimating the impacts of proposed commercial developments on traffic patterns). Increasingly, traffic problems are being addressed by developing systems for intelligent transportation systems, often in conjunction with other engineering disciplines, such as computer engineering and electrical engineering.

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What is Project Management and Construction Project Management and Project Management Skills

Introduction to construction Management and Building Technology:

Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. CPM is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project.

Technology in instructional settings or in academically productive ways building construction simulation which is applied throughout the academic   ability of high school students entering construction management programs varies greatly.

Programs That Come Under Building technology and construction Management are

1. Construction Management
2. Construction Planning and Control
3. Modern Construction Materials
4. Computer Aided design in Civil Engineering
5. Construction Project Management
6. Structural systems and design
7. Construction Methods and Equipment
8. Functional Efficiency of BuildingsLets Talk About Material Management

 MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

Importance:

In any project, whether it is a Thermal, Hydel, Building, Airport, Roads/Bridges etc., the cost of materials vary from 50% to 60% of total Project Cost. 

Any saving on this estimated cost directly get added to the Profit.

Hence, for any company, Materials Management is a serious & important subject.

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Objectives

  To Provide

OF THE RIGHT QUALITY 

IN THE RIGHT QUANTITY 

AT THE BEST PRICE 

AT THE RIGHT PLACE 

AT THE RIGHT TIME 

AT MINIMUM COST 

 Responsibilities of materials department:

• Global supply chain management
• Optimization of materials cost
• Finalization of rate agreement/MOU for volume based items
• Tendering support for material prices
• Execute sub contracts where material is involved along with services
• Coordination of HQ/cluster/sites for smooth flow of vehicles
• MIS reporting
• Training 

 Functions:

• purchase
• inventory control
• logistics
• disposals

  Major category:

• Bulk Materials – Steel, Cement, Aggregate, Sand, Bitumen 
• Tools & tackles- Small Machines 
• Consumables – Electrode, Gas, Binding Wire, Paint, Plywood 
• Spares – For various Equipment’s

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Computers and Structural Analysis With SAP2000 and Introduction and Overview to SAP2000 Manual

Sap 2000 founded about 30 years ago and is the most widely used structural software in Latin America, Portugal, Italy and Spain. It is also very popular in Asia and UK as well. In parallel the second most widely used software are StaadPro, ETABS and Risa 3D.

   The SAP name has been synonymous with state-of-the-art analytical methods since its introduction over 30 years ago

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However, the grids provided in SAP makes it easier to create the geometric input than with the StaadPro or any other software of the same kind. Dynamic analysis is stronger in SAP2000 for example earthquake force applied in any direction, automatic lumping of masses for earthquake, live load reduction, bridges transient loads, eigen modes and ritz modes, etc. it has facilities for creep and shrinkage of concrete. Its ability to solve heterogeneous soil-structure interaction clearly differentiates it from others.

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Introduction to Fly ash and Classification of Fly ash and Properties of Fly ash

Introduction to Fly ash and the Durability of Fly ash ?
       

Pulverized fuel ash commonly known as Fly ash, is comprised of the non-combustible mineral portion of coal. When coal is consumed in a power plant, it is first ground to the fineness of powder. Blown into the power plant’s boiler, the carbon is consumed — leaving molten particles rich in silica, alumina and calcium. These particles solidify as microscopic, glassy spheres that are collected from the power plant’s exhaust before they can “fly” away — hence the product’s name: Fly Ash.

Fly ash is a pozzolanic When mixed with lime (calcium hydroxide), pozzolanics combine to form cementitious compounds. Concrete containing fly ash becomes stronger, more durable, and more resistant to chemical attack.

Classification of Fly ash:

  ASTM C618 classifies the fly ash into two classes:

·          Class F

·          Class C

·         Class F Fly ash:

Fly ash normally produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal falls in this category. This class of fly ash exhibits pozzolanic property but rarely if any, self-hardening property. In Class F fly ash, total calcium typically ranges from 1 to 12 percent, mostly in the form of calcium hydroxide, calcium sulphate, and glassy components in combination with silica and alumina.

·         Class C Fly ash:

Fly ash normally produced from lignite or sub- bituminous coal is the only material included in this category. This class of fly ash has both pozzolanic and varying degree of self cementitious properties. Most class C fly ashes contain more than 15 % CaO. But some class C fly ashes may contain as little as 10 % CaO.

NOTE: The chief difference between Class F and Class C fly ash is in the amount of calcium and the silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash.The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e. bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite). 

Quality of Fly ash:

The quality of Fly ash is governed by IS 3812-2003-Part1&2.In this Standard Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA i.e., fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash or mound ash) has been divided into two categories:

·      Siliceous PFA normally produced by burning anthracite or bituminous coal and normally contains reactive CaO less than 10% by mass.

·         Calcareous PFA normally produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal and reactive CaO not less than 10% by mass.

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Hot mix asphalt pavement technology and overview on rigid pavements and flexible pavements

PAVEMENT DESIGN AND TYPES OF PAVEMENTS 

Definition of Asphalt:

Asphalt concrete is a composite material commonly used in construction projects such as road surfaces, parking lots, and airports. Asphalt concrete consists of asphalt (used as a binder) mixed with mineral aggregate and then laid down in layers and compacted.

Asphalt

What is Asphalt pavement ?

Asphalt pavement refers to any paved road surfaced with asphalt. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a combination of approximately 95% stone, sand, or gravel bound together by asphalt cement, a product of crude oil. Asphalt cement is heated aggregate, combined, and mixed with the aggregate at an HMA facility. The resulting Hot Mix Asphalt is loaded into trucks for transport to the paving site. The trucks dump the Hot Mix Asphalt into hoppers located at the front of paving machines. The asphalt is placed, and then compacted using a heavy roller, which is driven over the asphalt. Traffic is generally permitted on the pavement as soon as the pavement has cooled. 

Asphalt paving temperature:

Ambient (air) temperatures, base (aggregate and existing asphalt) temperatures, and hot mixed asphalt temperatures are very critical to obtaining compaction and longevity of the newly paved surfaces and patches.

Hot mixed asphalt is manufactured at temperatures between 270°F and 325°F. Depending on the environmental conditions and the distance from the hot mix plant to the project, hot mix asphalt can lose between 5°F and 25°F.

The temperature of the mix on the base after it has passed through the laydown machine – not the mix or manufacturing temperature – is the most important factor in determining the available time for compaction. Hot mix asphalt pavement arrives at a project at temperatures between 275°F and 300°F and is installed on the existing base by mechanical methods (laydown machines).

If the air and base temperatures are colder than required or specified, then the asphalt pavement will cool too fast, causing it to set up and making it very difficult to obtain the required or specified compacted density.

Thin pavement layers will cool quicker than thicker layers, and should the base or ambient temperature be low, the hot mix asphalt will cool quicker, density won’t be achieved, and the patch will ravel and fall apart. On paving and overlay projects, if the hot mix asphalt pavement cools too quickly, the entire surface will ravel leaving a rough, rocky surface in a short period of time. This not only results in a poor surface, it results in a surface that will retain water, reducing the life of the pavement or the patch by accelerating the raveling process. It is very important to monitor all temperatures (ambient, base, and hot mix asphalt) and wind velocity during the paving process.

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Specification and Guidelines Self compacting concrete and self consolidation concrete

Definition of Self compaction of concrete (SCC):

Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture that is able to consolidate under its own weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in difficult conditions and in sections with congested reinforcement. Use of SCC can also help minimize hearing-related damages on the worksite that are induced by vibration of concrete. Another advantage of SCC is that the time required to place large sections is considerably reduced.

It  has proved beneficial economically because of a number of factors, including: 

• Faster construction 
• Reduction in site manpower 
• Better surface finishes 
• Easier placing 
• Improved durability 
• Greater freedom in design 
• Thinner concrete sections 
• Reduced noise levels, absence of vibration 
• Safer working environment 

Fibers:

Fibers used in SCC shall comply with EN XXXX (European standard – in preparation). Commonly used types of fibers are steel or polymer. Fibers may be used to enhance the properties of SCC in the same way as for normal concrete. Steel fibers are used normally to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the concrete such as flexural  strength and toughness. Polymer fibres may be used to reduce segregation and plastic shrinkage, or to 

increase the fire resistance. Ease of mixing and the placing processes proposed, shall be demonstrated  by site trials to the approval of the engineer. 

Application area: 

SCC may be used in pre-cast applications or for concrete placed on site. It can be manufactured in a site batching plant or in a ready mix concrete plant and delivered to site by truck. It can then be placed either by pumping or pouring into horizontal or vertical structures. In designing the mix, the size and the form of the structure, the dimension and density of reinforcement and cover should be taken in consideration. 

These aspects will all influence the specific requirements for the SCC. 

Due to the flowing characteristics of SCC it may be difficult to cast to a fall unless contained in a form. 

SCC has made it possible to cast concrete structures of a quality that was not possible with the existing concrete technology. 

List of tests:

 1 Slump-flow by Abrams cone Filling ability 

 2 T50cmslumpflow Filling ability 

 3 J-ring Passing ability 

 4 V-funnel Filling ability 

 5 V-funnel at T5minutes Segregation resistance 

 6 L-box Passing ability 

 7 U-box Passing ability 

 8 Fill-box Passing ability 

 9 GTM screen stability test Segregation resistance 

 10 Orimet Filling ability 

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Also check: Ceramic material types

Waste water sewage treatment and recycling process design and flow chart

Definition of STP :

Full form of STP is Sewage treatment plant, the objective of the sewage treatment is to remove the contaminants from the waste water, household water, and the effluents. The sewage treatment includes removing of physical, chemical, and biological contaminants and making the fluid streams to dispose easily or make the fluid water for reuse.

Process of description

 Treatment of waste water is done in stages

1. Preliminary treatment.
2. Primary treatment.
3. Secondary (or Biological) treatment, and
4. Complete final treatment, as discussed.

 Details of sewage treatment plant:

               The Sewage Treatment plant is shown in flow diagram given below and includes the following units.

1.      Sump and Pumping Station.

2.      Grid Chamber.

3.      Division Chamber.

4.      Distribution Chamber.

5.      UASB Reactor.

6.      Aerating lagoon.

7.      Polishing pond.

8.      Chlorination station.

9.      Sludge drying beds.

10.  By pass channel.

11.  Biogas.

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Fiber reinforced concrete and behaviour properties and applications and advantages

Definition of fiber reinforced concrete:

Fiber-reinforced concrete is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.

The use of high strength fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials has grained acceptance as structural reinforcement for concrete.

Fiber:

An overview on fiber:

In recent years, several studies have been conducted to investigate the flexural

strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members with fibre reinforced composite

fabrics. Recently, the use of high strength fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials

has grained acceptance as structural reinforcement for concrete.

In this composite material, short discrete fibres are randomly distributed throughout the concrete mass. The behavioural efficiency of this composite material is far superior to that of plain concrete and many other construction materials of same cost. Due to this benefit, the use of FRC has steadily increased during last two decades and its current field of application includes airport and highway pavements, earthquake resistant and explosive resistant structures, mines and tunnel linings, bridge deck overlays, hydraulic structures, rock slope stabilization. Extensive research work on FRC has established that the addition of various types of fibres such as steel, glass, synthetic and carbon, in plain concrete improves strength, toughness, ductility, and post cracking resistance etc. the major advantages of fibre reinforced concrete are resistance to micro cracking, impact resistance, resistance to fatigue, reduced permeability, improved strength in shear, tension, flexure and compression. The character and performance of FRC changes with varying concrete binder formulation as well as the fibre material type, fibre geometry, fibre distribution, orientation and fibre concentration.

 FIBRE MATERIALS:

According to terminology adopted by the American Concrete Institute

(ACI) committee 544, Fibre Reinforced Concrete, there are four categories of FRC

based on fibre materials type. These are Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fibre

Reinforced concrete, Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete, including carbon fibres and

Natural Fibre Reinforced Concrete.

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Also check:  special concretes types and applications