Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Manual pdf

Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Manual pdf:  Geo technical is a branch of engineering concerned with engineering behavior of earth material. In  geotechnical engineering, soils are consider a three-phase material composed of rock or mineral particles, water and air. The voids of soil, the space in between mineral particles, contain water and air.

Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Manual pdf

The engineering properties of soils are affected by four main  factors: The predominate size of  mineral particles, The type of mineral particle, the grain size distribution, the relative quantities of mineral, water and air present in soil matrix. Fine particles(fines) are defined as particles less than 0.075 mm diameter.

Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory 

Some of the soil properties are should analyze by the geotechnical engineers for designing earthworks, retaining structures, and foundation are: Unit Weight, Porosity, Void ratio, Permeability, Compressibilty, Shear strength, Atterberg limits.

Some of the Geo Technical laboratory experiments are

1. Determination of moisture content.
2. Determination of specific gravity.
3. Field density test.
4. Grain size analysis.
5. Determination of consistency limit.
6. Density index/Relative index.
7. Permeability test
8. Proctor test. 
9. Vane shear test.  
10. Direct shear test.
11. Unconfined Compression test.
12. Undrained Trixial test.
13. Consolidation test.
14. California bearing radio test.

                     DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

OBJECTIVE:

Determine the natural content of the given soil sample.

SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

We should know the natural moisture content in soil to learn about the all soil mechanics. The natural moisture in soil gives the state of soil in that field.

DEFINITION

The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of weight of water to weight to the weight of solid in a given mass of soil. The ratio is expressed in percentage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Non-corrodible air-tight container.
2. Electric oven, maintain temperature between 1050C to 1100c
3. Desiccator.
4. Balance of sufficient sensitivity.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the with lid dry it with and weigh it (W1).
2. Take specimen of sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2).
3. Keep the container in the oven with lid removed. Dry specimen to constant weight maintaining the temperature between 1050c to 1100c for a peroid varying with the type of soilbut usually 16 to 24 hours.
4. Record the final constant weigh (W3) of the container with dried soil sample. peat and other organic soils are to be dried at lower temp says 600c possibly for longer peroid.

Certain soil contain gypsum which on heating loses its water if crystallization. If suspected that gypsum is present in soil sample used for moisture content determination shall be dried at not more than 800C and possibly for longer time.

Record the observation.

RESULT: The natural moisture content of the soil sample is -----

GENERAL REMARKS:

A container without lead can be used. When moist sample is weighed immediately after placing the container and oven dried sample is weighed immediately after cooling a desiccator.

Theodolite Traversing in Survey and Procedure and Angle mesurements

Definition of Theodolite:

An optical instrument consisting of a small mounted telescope rotatable in horizontal and vertical planes, used to measure angles in surveying, meteorology, and navigation.

How to operate:

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews three for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. The instrument is then set level using levelling footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit bubbles.

To know more about the Theodolite traversing download the pdf file.

Full download Theodolite traversing

Full download Theodolite pdf file

What is Tacheometry and Tacheometric Surveying

Definition of Tacheometric Surveying:

Tacheometry is the branch of Surveying in which we determine the horizontal and vertical distances with the angular measurements with Tachemometer. It is not so accurate method of finding the horizontal distances as the Chaining, but it is most suitable for carrying out the surveys to find the distances in the hilly area where other methods are quite difficult being carried out.

Example:

It is generally used to locate contours, hydrographic surveys and laying out routes of highways, railways etc.

To know more about Tacheometry Survey and the applications of Tacheometry Survey download the pdf file.

Full download Tacheometric survey pdf

Bathymetry survey equipments manual guide and method

Definition of bathymetry:

 Paleobathymetry is the study of underwater depths in the past.The term “bathymetry” originally referred to the ocean’s depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain.

This technique measures the depth only a singular point at a time, and is therefore inefficient. It is also subject to movements of the ship and currents moving the line out of true and therefore is inaccurate.

Full download bathy survey

Full download bathy survey maual

Full download bathysurvey

Full download topographic and bathymetry survey

Also check :  Total Station Field Mapping

Also check : Ansys Software tutorial

Procedure for Collecting Total Station Field Mapping Data and Entry into BG Map Software

Procedure for Collecting Total Station Field Mapping Data and
Entry into BG-Map Software 

  Physical Setup of the Total Station

• Keep all items on the "Checklist for Field Collecting" and bring all items necessary to the field mapping location. 
• Go out into the field and find the control point that will become the first site for data collection. Be sure to know the identification number of this control point. 
• Visually locate and determine the identification number of the second control point that will allow you to orient the total station properly.  

To know more about Total Station Survey Systems (TSSS) and the step-by-step procedure of installation of total station on the tripod and procedure to use the total station download the Adobe file.

Full download Total Station field mapping data step-by-step

Full download Total station surveying step-by-step procedure

Prismatic Compass its necessities and its procedure

Compass Surveying:

Compass surveying is a branch of surveying in which directions of surveying lines are determined with a compass and the length of lines are measured with a tape or chain. In practice the compass is generally used to run a traverse.

In surveying,"Traverse" consists of a series of straight lines connected together to form a open or a closed polygon.

Methods of traversing: 

Depending on the type of instrument used for the measurement of angles the method of Traversing can be classified as under;1.Chain Traverse
2.Compass Traverse.

3.Plane Table Traverse.

4. Stadia Traverse.

5.Theodolite Traverse.

To know more about Compass Survey and the step-by-step procedure of installation of Compass on the tripod and procedure to use the Compass download the Adobe file.

Full download Compass Survey Notes

Full download Traverse Calculation

Total Station Surveying Instrument

Definition of Total Station

Total station is surveying instrument that combines the angle measuring capabilities of a theodolite with an EDM capability into a single tool.

Total station is usually operated by a surveyor assisted by a laborer or geodesist who carries the target pole to the points of detail to be surveyed.

Theodolite is instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles by means of a telescope.

Robotic total station is a type of 'total station' that is operated remotely by the surveyor. 

INTRODUCTION: 

• The total station is designed for the measurement of the vertical angles, horizontal angles, immeasurable distances in time saving manner.
• The basic principles of Total station is speed and accuracy, total station are developed for maximum convenience of work.
• Angles and distances are measured from the total station to the points of survey.
• Data can be downloaded from the Total Station to a computer and the downloaded data can be converted into a plan using the total station software.
• A Total Station is an optical instrument used in the modern survey, it can also be used by police in crime scenes measurement, insurance companies use total station for the measurement of accident scenes.
• Total station is an instrument which consists of the following

1. Distance measuring instrument (EDM).
2. An angle measuring instrument (Theodolite).
3. A single microprocessor.

Applications of Total Station

The Total Station can be used for the following purpose.

1. Detail survey i.e data collection.
2. Control Survey (Traverse).
3. Height measurement.
4. Fixing of missing pillars.
5. Resection.
6. Area calculation.
7. Remote distance measurement (RDM).

Full download Total Station Step by step procedure

Airport Geometric design Highway Cross sections Engineering, Planning

AIRPORT GEOMETRIC DESIGN

When designing airport runways, engineers consider the type and volume of air traffic, the impact of noise, and restrictions due to nearby developments such as residential developments, tall buildings, radio towers, etc.

The orientation of the runways is of great importance. The orientation affects the traffic patterns of approaches and takeoffs, which must avoid any obstacles in the surrounding terrain and minimize inconvenience and danger to local residents as well as passengers. The local wind conditions also play a great role in this orientation.

The topography of the area near an airport also affects the winds. Nearby mountains or bodies of water can affect flight wind conditions in ways not obvious from data of prevailing wind conditions.

Many commercial airports have parallel runways. This allows a greater number of take-offs and landings in good weather conditions than does a single runway because planes can use the runways simultaneously. Other airports have triangular runways, which can be in the shape of a V that may be open at the bottom so that the runways do not intersect, or closed so that the runways do intersect. Triangular runways are more adaptable to a variety of wind conditions, as there are more possible directions for take-off and landing.

Full download Airport Runway Characteristics

Full download Airways Runway

Full download Airport Geometric Standard

Highway Planning Alignment & Geometric Design Principles Of Highway Planning

Geometric design is the patterns and drawings that are measured mathematically in order to attain the measurements required to create something. It is done before actual building or creation takes place.

Geometric design problems:

 Core problems are curve and surface modelling and representation. GD studies especially the construction and manipulation of curves and surfaces given by a set of points using polynomial, rational, piecewise polynomial, or piecewise rational methods. The most important instruments here are parametric curves and parametric surfaces, such as  spline curves and surfaces.

Geometric Pattern

A geometric pattern is a pattern that has repeating shapes such as circles, lines, triangles, ellipses, rectangles, and polygons. The pattern repeats itself over and over in a predictable way. 

Full presentation on Geometric Design

Total Station Contour Land Survey

Definition of survey

examine and record the area and features of (an area of land) so as to construct a map, plan, or description.

Modern surveying

surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth’s surfaces. It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements. Thus, surveying has two similar but opposite functions:
 (1) the determination of existing relative horizontal and vertical position mapping, and 
 (2) the establishment of marks to control construction or to indicate land boundaries.

  Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment for so many centuries that its importance is often forgotten. It is an imperative requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Surveying was essential at the dawn of history, and some of the most significant scientific discoveries could never have been implemented were it not for the contribution of surveying. Its principal modern uses are in the fields of transportation, building, apportionment of land, and communications.

Except for minor details of technique and the use of one or two minor hand-held instruments, surveying is much the same throughout the world. The methods are a reflection of the instruments, manufactured chiefly in Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, the United States, Japan, and Germany. Instruments made in Japan are similar to those made in the West.


Survey full history and Modern Methods download