Specification and Guidelines Self compacting concrete and self consolidation concrete

Definition of Self compaction of concrete (SCC):

Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture that is able to consolidate under its own weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in difficult conditions and in sections with congested reinforcement. Use of SCC can also help minimize hearing-related damages on the worksite that are induced by vibration of concrete. Another advantage of SCC is that the time required to place large sections is considerably reduced.

It  has proved beneficial economically because of a number of factors, including: 

• Faster construction 
• Reduction in site manpower 
• Better surface finishes 
• Easier placing 
• Improved durability 
• Greater freedom in design 
• Thinner concrete sections 
• Reduced noise levels, absence of vibration 
• Safer working environment 

Fibers:

Fibers used in SCC shall comply with EN XXXX (European standard – in preparation). Commonly used types of fibers are steel or polymer. Fibers may be used to enhance the properties of SCC in the same way as for normal concrete. Steel fibers are used normally to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the concrete such as flexural  strength and toughness. Polymer fibres may be used to reduce segregation and plastic shrinkage, or to 

increase the fire resistance. Ease of mixing and the placing processes proposed, shall be demonstrated  by site trials to the approval of the engineer. 

Application area: 

SCC may be used in pre-cast applications or for concrete placed on site. It can be manufactured in a site batching plant or in a ready mix concrete plant and delivered to site by truck. It can then be placed either by pumping or pouring into horizontal or vertical structures. In designing the mix, the size and the form of the structure, the dimension and density of reinforcement and cover should be taken in consideration. 

These aspects will all influence the specific requirements for the SCC. 

Due to the flowing characteristics of SCC it may be difficult to cast to a fall unless contained in a form. 

SCC has made it possible to cast concrete structures of a quality that was not possible with the existing concrete technology. 

List of tests:

 1 Slump-flow by Abrams cone Filling ability 

 2 T50cmslumpflow Filling ability 

 3 J-ring Passing ability 

 4 V-funnel Filling ability 

 5 V-funnel at T5minutes Segregation resistance 

 6 L-box Passing ability 

 7 U-box Passing ability 

 8 Fill-box Passing ability 

 9 GTM screen stability test Segregation resistance 

 10 Orimet Filling ability 

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Waste water sewage treatment and recycling process design and flow chart

Definition of STP :

Full form of STP is Sewage treatment plant, the objective of the sewage treatment is to remove the contaminants from the waste water, household water, and the effluents. The sewage treatment includes removing of physical, chemical, and biological contaminants and making the fluid streams to dispose easily or make the fluid water for reuse.

Process of description

 Treatment of waste water is done in stages

1. Preliminary treatment.
2. Primary treatment.
3. Secondary (or Biological) treatment, and
4. Complete final treatment, as discussed.

 Details of sewage treatment plant:

               The Sewage Treatment plant is shown in flow diagram given below and includes the following units.

1.      Sump and Pumping Station.

2.      Grid Chamber.

3.      Division Chamber.

4.      Distribution Chamber.

5.      UASB Reactor.

6.      Aerating lagoon.

7.      Polishing pond.

8.      Chlorination station.

9.      Sludge drying beds.

10.  By pass channel.

11.  Biogas.

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Fiber reinforced concrete and behaviour properties and applications and advantages

Definition of fiber reinforced concrete:

Fiber-reinforced concrete is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.

The use of high strength fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials has grained acceptance as structural reinforcement for concrete.

Fiber:

An overview on fiber:

In recent years, several studies have been conducted to investigate the flexural

strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members with fibre reinforced composite

fabrics. Recently, the use of high strength fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials

has grained acceptance as structural reinforcement for concrete.

In this composite material, short discrete fibres are randomly distributed throughout the concrete mass. The behavioural efficiency of this composite material is far superior to that of plain concrete and many other construction materials of same cost. Due to this benefit, the use of FRC has steadily increased during last two decades and its current field of application includes airport and highway pavements, earthquake resistant and explosive resistant structures, mines and tunnel linings, bridge deck overlays, hydraulic structures, rock slope stabilization. Extensive research work on FRC has established that the addition of various types of fibres such as steel, glass, synthetic and carbon, in plain concrete improves strength, toughness, ductility, and post cracking resistance etc. the major advantages of fibre reinforced concrete are resistance to micro cracking, impact resistance, resistance to fatigue, reduced permeability, improved strength in shear, tension, flexure and compression. The character and performance of FRC changes with varying concrete binder formulation as well as the fibre material type, fibre geometry, fibre distribution, orientation and fibre concentration.

 FIBRE MATERIALS:

According to terminology adopted by the American Concrete Institute

(ACI) committee 544, Fibre Reinforced Concrete, there are four categories of FRC

based on fibre materials type. These are Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fibre

Reinforced concrete, Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete, including carbon fibres and

Natural Fibre Reinforced Concrete.

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Mix design of special High strength concrete M60 grade concrete and its properties

Definition of Concrete Mix Design:

It is obtained by mixing cementitious materials water and aggregates and admixtures in required proportions. The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure hardens into a rock like mass known as concrete.

Concrete is generally classified as Normal Strength Concrete (NSC). High Strength Concrete (HSC) and Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC). Indian Standard Recommended Methods of Mix design denotes the boundary at 35 MPa between NXC and HSC. They did not talk about UHSC. But elsewhere in the international forum, about thirty years ago, the high strength table was applied to concrete having strength above 40 MPa. More recently, and the threshold rose to 50 to 60 MPa. In the modern batching plants high strength concrete is produced in a mechanical manner of course, one has to take care about mix proportioning , shape of aggregates, use of supplementary cementitious materials, silica fume and super plasticize-rs. There are special methods of making high strength concrete. They are given below.

1.  Seeding
2.  Re-vibration
3.   High Speed Slurry Mixing
4.   Use of Admixtures
5.  Inhibition of Cracks
6.  Sulphur  Impregnation
7. Use of Cementitious Aggregates 

    Application of High strength concrete:

It is used for tall buildings and large-span bridges, it is clear that use of high-strength leads to reduce column sizes and beam depths. In additions in results in improved performance in terms of creep, shrinkage and other elastic proprieties that yield a more favorable deformation pattern for tall buildings.

The improved elastic properties also limit the reduce elastic shortening and other secondary effects. Hence, high-strength concrete has found application in various structures used by various industries. The application of high-strength concrete in different industries around the world.    
Here we are giving information about the percentage compressive strength of concrete.

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   To know more about the Mix design of special high strength concrete download the pdf file.

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