Theodolite Traversing on survey and procedure

Theodolite Traversing on survey and procedure: 

What is Theodolite? Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical Angeles, It is recommended for more precise magnetic compass, This magnetic compass will help in measuring the angle up to an accuracy of 30, Along with this there is another tool which will measure the angle accuracy to 10, 20 using vernier theodolite. There are many theodolite types of the vernier, optic, electronic etc. Vernier theodolite is known as transmit, This transit theodolite has a telescope which can be rotated in a vertical plane.

Theodolite Traversing on survey and procedure:

Main parts involved in this theodolite are Levelling head and it is used to attach the instrument to a tripod and it will attach the plumb bob fixed along the vertical axis of the instrument. Main parts involved in this item are an (18): an annular horizontal plate with the graduations provided all around, from 0 to 360°, in a clockwise direction. The graduations are in degree divided into 3 parts so that each division equals to 20 min. Main things to remember are when the verticle circle of the theodolite is on right side of the observer, this position is named as face right and observation made is called face right observation.

Theodolite Traversing on survey and procedure

Depending upon the position you kept there are different terminology to use like Face Left, Telescope Normal, Telescope Inverted. while setting the instrument you need to be careful on maintaining the levelling, Focussing will mean a lot as well, Focussing the eyepiece, Focussing the objective, depends on two methods Repetition method and Reiteration method.

Errors you will come across while setting up this Theodolite Instrument are:

• Non-adjustment of plate bubble
• Line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis
• Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to vertical axis
• Line of collimation not being parallel to axis of telescope
• Eccentricity of inner and outer axes
• Graduation not being uniform
• Verniers being eccentric
• Personal errors
• Natural errors
• High temperature causes error due to irregular refraction.
• High winds cause vibration in the instrument, and this may lead to
• wrong readings on verniers

There are two types of Surveying in Civil Engineering like:

• Closed Traverse
• Open Traverse

Methods involved in Traversing are:

• Chain traversing 
• Chain and compass traversing 
• Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the lines
• Plane table traversing

Microsoft office project in Civil Engineering

Microsoft office project in Civil Engineering:

Yes, what you heard is right, Microsoft office projects exist in engineering field too, In civil engineering different tools will exist and have different efficient project management system, In general, Microsoft projects, are used in a various range of industries like construction, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, government, retail, financial services and health care. In this post, we made few Microsoft office projects which are used in the civil engineering department.

Microsoft office project in Civil Engineering:

The main modules involved in the civil engineering projects are teams, schedules, and finances. Microsoft Projects will provide the user-friendly environment and really it will set the project heads to deal with their goals and customers after planning for  creating schedules, distributing resources and managing budgets. 

Users can gain the grip on these projects with their project work and can get the project guide which will help in creating projects, can track all the tasks and get reports of the results. On this context contractors can gain control of their resources and finances by gaining resources to required to do tasks and budgets of projects, Finally, Microsoft project comes with customizable wizards which walk on the users through the process of project creations.

You can get guided tour of your project, can create a task list, Set all the resources required, Assigning resources to tasks, Formatting and Sharing Your Plan, Tracking Progress on Tasks, Fine-Tuning Task Details, Fine-Tuning Resource Details, Fine-Tuning Assignment Details, Fine-Tuning the Project Plan, Organizing Project Details, Tracking Progress on Tasks and Assignments, Viewing and Reporting Project Status, Getting Your Project Back on Track, Applying Advanced Formatting and Printing, Customizing Project, Sharing Project Information with Other Programs, Consolidating Projects and Resources. Finally, you can get access to A Short Course in Project Management, Roadmap for Developing Your Project and Project Management Skills, Using the Practice Files if Connected to Project Server, Using Microsoft Project 2010 Step by Step in a Classroom: Suggestions for Instructors

What Is Granite And Types And Classification Of Granite Construction And Stone Masonry Works

Stones

Types Of Stones:-

Stones used for masonry should be hard, durable, tough, sound and free from weathering, decay or defects like cavities, cracks, sand holes, injurious veins patches of loose or soft materials etc.., Rocks from which building materials obtained are 

1. Igneous rocks
2. Sedimentary rocks, and
3. Metamorphic rocks

1) Igneous rocks:-

Igneous rocks are formed by the agency of heat, the molten lava material subsequently cools after sometime due to the rapid heating and cooling of lava, igneous rocks are formed. Example of igneous rocks is granite. The materials of igneous rocks are hard and durable, and it is used in building construction. Granite is mainly used has sills, lintels, flooring and is multi purposely used in many areas.

2) Sedimentary rocks:-

Sedimentary rocks are formed when water is added to the rapid heating and cooling igneous rocks. The materials which are commonly formed in the sedimentary rocks are lime stone and sand stone. Lime stone consists particles of carbonate and is used in floors and walls. Sand stone consists quartz and is used in columns, steps.

3) Metamorphic rocks:-

Metamorphic rocks are formed either from the pressure, heat or both, The molten material igneous and sedimentary during solidifying when gets pressurized either by heat or water or both. Then becomes metamorphic rocks. The material which we commonly see is slates and marbles. Marbles are used for flooring and for neat looking of interiors.

Classification Of Stone Masonry:-

Stone masonry can be classified depending upon the shaping and finishing of stones.

• Rubble Masonry
• Ashlar Masonry

a) Rubble Masonry:-

In the rubble masonry, the blocks of stones that are used are either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed. Since stones of irregular size are used rubble masonry may be of the following.

• Random rubble
• Square rubble
• Miscellaneous rubble

b) Ashlar Masonry:

Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stones with extremely fine bed and end joints. The stone block may be either square or rectangular shape. The height of the stone various from 25 cm to 30 cm. The height of the block in each course is kept equal but it is not necessary to keep all the courses of the same height. Ashlar masonry subdivided into following categories.

• Ashlar fine tooled
• Ashlar rough tooled
• Ashlar rock, rustic
• Ashlar block in course
• Ashlar chamfered 
• Ashlar facing

Tools Used For Dressing And Finishing Of Stone:- 

• Dressing Tool

1. Wallers hammer
2. Mash hammer
3. Spall hammer
4. Scrabbing hammer
5. Wood hammer
6. Broad hammer
7. Club hammer
8. Drag hammer
9. hand saw
10. Frame saw
11. Gad
12. Dummy
13. Mallet
14. Cross cut saw
15. Pitching tool
16. Square
17. Boaster
18. Punch
19. Point
20. Gouge
21. Tooth chisel
22. Drafting chisel
23. Claw chisel

Also See :Brick Dimensions and types of bricks

• Finishing Tools:-

1. Rock faced or quarry faced finish
2. Picked finish
3. Punched finish
4. Axed finish
5. Dragged finish
6. Vermiculated finish
7. Plain finish
8. Rubbed finish
9. Polished finish
10. Scabbing finish
11. Hammer dressed finish
12. Tooled finish
13. Boasted finish
14. Furrowed finish
15. Recticulated finish

 

                 

Brick Dimensions And interlocking Bricks Used In Site For Construction And Traditional Bricks Sizes

Dimensions of Bricks And Interlocking Of Bricks Used For Construction Of Walls 

Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with mortar. Two essential components of brick masonry are

1. Bricks                                                                             
2. Mortar 

• Bricks:-

General properties of bricks:-

1. Colour:- Colour should be uniform and bright.
2. Size:-  Bricks should of standard sizes laid by the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards).
3. Textures:- They should possess fine, dense and uniform texture.
4. Soundness:- When two bricks are struck together metallic sound should be emitted and when brick is hit by hammer ringing sound should be emitted.
5. Hardness:- Bricks should not have any impressions or scratches when the brick is being laid or after dried in the sun.
6. Water absorption:- To test the water absorption of bricks, take a bucket of water free from dirt and other saline deposits and immerse the brick in the water for 24 hours. After the completion of time take the brick outside of the bucket and weight the brick. By taking the initial weight of the brick and water absorbed brick we can calculate the water absorption of the bricks. Bricks with water absorption less than 15% is considered has first class bricks, 20% has second class bricks and 25% has third class bricks.
7. Efflorescence:- Bricks which are confined to BIS should not show white patches when soaked in water for a day and allowed to dry in shade. White patches on bricks show the presence of saline deposits like sulphate, magnesium and potassium.
8. Thermal conductivity:- Bricks laid by following Indian standards should have low thermal conductivity, So that building built with them are free from noise pollutions and cool in summer and hot in winter.

Clay burnt bricks

Types of bricks:  There are two types of bricks according to the Indian standard specification codes

1.  Modular bricks and
2. Non- modular bricks

Modular bricks:-   Modular brick conform to the size specified by the bureau of Indian standard institution. Bricks which is of same shape, size and colour as laid by the BIS is known as modular bricks or standard bricks. 

The size of the BIS laid bricks are 20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm with the inclusion of mortar thickness, the actual size is 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm 

According to the quality, masonry bricks are classified into three classes

a) First class bricks

b) Second class bricks

c) Third class bricks

a) First class bricks:- 

First class bricks are those which are strictly confined to BIS, bricks should have plan surface, sharp edges and size with tolerance in dimensions +-3%  ( size 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm). Uniform in colour i.e red or brown, Machine moulded and should possess high crushing strength not less than 10.7 N/mm2. Efflorescene should be NIL and water absorption should be less than 15% of whole water poured in the tub during immersion of brick in water. These are free from saline deposits.

b) Second class bricks:-

Second class bricks are less confined to BIS, This bricks possess same properties but Slightly different from the first class bricks. This bricks possess slightly uneven surface and edges with tolerances + -8% but the second class bricks have the standard size and bricks are hand moulded with crushing strength not less than 7 N/mm2. Due to the hand moulding this bricks will have little efflorescence and water absorption is less than 20%. They are fully burnt and ringing sound is emitted when two bricks are struck together. 

c) Third class bricks:- 

Third class bricks are those which are manufactured in special shapes and sizes to be used for giving architectural shapes. Such bricks are used for copings, cornice, and string courses, sloping walls. these are hand moulded and are over burnt or under burnt and non-uniform colour and efflorescence is more and have 25% water absorption

Fly ash bricks

                       

• Mortar

Following types of mortars may be used in brick masonry:

1. Cement mortar
2. Cement lime mortar
3. Lime mortat
4. Lime surkhi(Lime and sand) mortat
5. Mud mortar

                                                    Bridge and Arch Design

Definition of Mortar
Mortar is a homogeneous mixture, produced by uniform mixing of a binder with sand and water to make a paste of required ratio and used to bind bricks.

The ingredients of mortar are cement like lime or combination of lime and cement (portland pozzolana cement) and lime pozzolana where sand is used as a filter along with binders to reduce shrinkage characteristics of the mortar.

Consistency of mortar is found by the formula 

              Volume of water= 0.65 (mass of cement + mass of sand)

Cement mortar

Lime mortar is prepared from hydraulic and semi-hydraulic limes .

Cement mortar is prepared from cement sand and water mixing ratio and should be used with half an hour from the mortar is mixed.

     

Dream Houses Everyone Wants to Live In

The English word house derives directly from the Old English Hus meaning “dwelling, shelter, home, house,” which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic Khusan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin. The house itself gave rise to the letter ‘B’ through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called “bayt”, “bet” or “beth” in various related languages, and became beta, the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans.

The houses are constructed differently based on the architectural design. The architectural design plays a vital role in elevation of a building that is being constructed. An architectural designer designs a buildings elevation based on many factors like..,

1. The money spent on the project.
2. Hight of the building.
3. Availability of space in the front of the building.

Landscape also plays a good role for a building attractivity in the present world. In the competitive world landscape and architectural design is important to make a dwelling shelter. 

          

The architectural designer makes a dwelling shelter attractive with the available materials in the market. In market, materials are costly and moderate and cheap designer takes the material into account after the owners willing to buy the materials. It is totally owners decision whether to buy costly or moderate priced materials. The designers never takes cheap priced items into account or never show them to the owner because cheap priced materials don't have good quality and less life.The materials with moderate and costly price tag have long life and to have a good quality.

The materials and items that are generally taken into account by the designer are 

• Tak wood
• Plywood
• Aluminium sections
• Glass 
• Trees
• gypsum boards
• calcium boards
• Electrical items such as bulbs, wires, plastic pipes, 

A landscape artist and a architectural designer never tries to destroy things or items such as trees, buildings or anything.But in return tries to save them from remodelling of a house or commercial building that are being constructed beside them.

So, has a landscape artist and a architectural designer it is their tough or job to make things beautiful or impressive.

Bridges types of bridges bridge pattern tower bridge bridge game

Definition of Bridges:

A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it.

Four main Factors Defines the bridge:

• Span (simple, continuous, cantilever)
• Travel Surface (deck, pony, through)
• Form (beam, truss, arch etc.,)
• Material (timber, concrete, steel)

Types of bridges:

Bridges can be categorized in different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.

• Beam bridge
• Truss bridge
• Cantilever bridge
• Arch bridge
• Tied Arch bridge
• Suspension bridge
• Cable bridge

Beam bridge:

Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either simply supported when the beams only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are connected across two or more spans. When there are multiple spans, the intermediate supports are known as piers. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple structures. In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden beams to large, steel boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes a shear and flexural load on the beam which is transferred down its length to the substructures on either side. They are typically made of steel, concrete or wood. Beam bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the flexural stresses increase proportional to the square of the length (and deflection increases proportional to the 4th power of the length). Beam bridges are the most common bridge type in use today.

Also Check:Introduction To Transportationl

Truss bridge:

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early twentieth century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.

Cantilever bridge:

Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the supporting piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials & techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action of the forces through the bridge.

Arch bridge:

Arch bridges have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks.

Tied arch bridge:

Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped superstructure, but differ from conventional arch bridges. Instead of transferring the weight of the bridge and traffic loads into thrust forces into the abutments, the ends of the arches are restrained by tension in the bottom chord of the structure. They are also called bowstring arches.

Suspension bridge:

Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river. Sub-types include the simple suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the self-anchored suspension bridge.

Cable-stayed bridge:

Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension bridges, are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately higher.

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What is autocad Learn autocad computer-aided design applications and shortcut commands and Free download autocad Tutorial

What is Autocad ?

AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD), and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and engineering software.— available since 1982 as a desktop application. The software is used to design a specific task like building plans, architectural works and vice-versa. It is used to get the accurate dimensions or measurements without any deviations in dimensions. 

AutoCAD was one of the first Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD)

software applications in the world.

The first version of AutoCAD was released at the end of 1982, and it was

designed to be used only on PCs.

Since 1982, AutoCAD has increased dramatically on a global scale.

Users can draw both two-dimensional (2D) drawings and three-dimensional

(3D) designs in AutoCAD.

There is another version of AutoCAD called AutoCAD LT that is dedicated

to 2D drafting only.

TYPES OF DRAWINGS

Two Dimensional Drawings.

Three Dimensional Drawings.

1. Two Dimensional Drawings:-

In the two dimensional drawings we (ourself) while drawing the plan by using software use only the X-axis and Y-axis planes. So in the two dimensional view the plan is visible only in two views i.e Top view.

                 The two dimensional plans are mostly drawn for measurements. 

  

   2. Three Dimensional Drawings:-

           

In the three dimensional drawings we while drawing the plan by using software opt for the three dimensional view the settings. By this the user can axis the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis planes. The three dimensional view the plan in three directions Top, Side, and Front view.

                   The three dimensional plans are used to show the elevations.

Also Check: Ansys tutorial

MODELS CAN BE USED FOR DESIGNING

Aircrafts

Manufacturing

Buildings,Trusses,Bridges etc.,

Advantages of autocad

Reducing the design time

Producing prototype faster.

Higher Product Quality and Accuracy.

Higher Productivity

CAD is not only used as Drafting tool but also design tool like mass properties.etc.,

Cad is used for modelling

Wire frame Modelling

Surface Modelling

Solid Modelling

Fundamental concept of autocad commands

Basic geometric constructions

Orthographic projections

Advanced features

Three Dimensional Models.

Advanced packages by autodesk –mechanical desktop

Drafting and drawing

Legibility and quality Prints etc., compared to Hand Drawings.

Simulation

Database

Modifications.

Architecture software is the version of AutoCAD specifically for architectural design. Architectural drafting tools enable you to design and document

Typical Data that would be normally contained in drawing file is two types:

Organisational Data

Identification Number

Drawing Number

Design origin and status of changes

Current Status

Designer name

Data of Design

Scale

Type of Projection Company

2. Technological Data

Geometry

Dimensions

Tolerances

Surface finish

Material specifications or reference

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                         Autocad Shortcut Commands
                         Introduction to Autocad

Introduction to Transportation Engineering and Lecture Notice on Transportation Engineering

Introduction to Transportation Engineering:

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering.

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities

Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, segregated cycle facilities, shared lane marking, traffic signs, road surface markings and traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided.

Also Check: Fundamentals of Building Technology

Traffic engineering is closely associated with other disciplines:

• Transport engineering
• Pavement engineering
• Bicycle transportation engineering
• Highway engineering
• Transportation planning
• Urban planning
• Human factors engineering.

Typical traffic engineering projects involve designing traffic control device installations and modifications, including traffic signals, signs, and pavement markings. However, traffic engineers also consider traffic safety by investigating locations with high crash rates and developing countermeasures to reduce crashes. Traffic flow management can be short-term (preparing construction traffic control plans, including detour plans for pedestrian and vehicular traffic) or long-term (estimating the impacts of proposed commercial developments on traffic patterns). Increasingly, traffic problems are being addressed by developing systems for intelligent transportation systems, often in conjunction with other engineering disciplines, such as computer engineering and electrical engineering.

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What is Project Management and Construction Project Management and Project Management Skills

Introduction to construction Management and Building Technology:

Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. CPM is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project.

Technology in instructional settings or in academically productive ways building construction simulation which is applied throughout the academic   ability of high school students entering construction management programs varies greatly.

Programs That Come Under Building technology and construction Management are

1. Construction Management
2. Construction Planning and Control
3. Modern Construction Materials
4. Computer Aided design in Civil Engineering
5. Construction Project Management
6. Structural systems and design
7. Construction Methods and Equipment
8. Functional Efficiency of BuildingsLets Talk About Material Management

 MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

Importance:

In any project, whether it is a Thermal, Hydel, Building, Airport, Roads/Bridges etc., the cost of materials vary from 50% to 60% of total Project Cost. 

Any saving on this estimated cost directly get added to the Profit.

Hence, for any company, Materials Management is a serious & important subject.

Also Check:Computers and Structural Analysis With SAP2000

Objectives

  To Provide

OF THE RIGHT QUALITY 

IN THE RIGHT QUANTITY 

AT THE BEST PRICE 

AT THE RIGHT PLACE 

AT THE RIGHT TIME 

AT MINIMUM COST 

 Responsibilities of materials department:

• Global supply chain management
• Optimization of materials cost
• Finalization of rate agreement/MOU for volume based items
• Tendering support for material prices
• Execute sub contracts where material is involved along with services
• Coordination of HQ/cluster/sites for smooth flow of vehicles
• MIS reporting
• Training 

 Functions:

• purchase
• inventory control
• logistics
• disposals

  Major category:

• Bulk Materials – Steel, Cement, Aggregate, Sand, Bitumen 
• Tools & tackles- Small Machines 
• Consumables – Electrode, Gas, Binding Wire, Paint, Plywood 
• Spares – For various Equipment’s

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Computers and Structural Analysis With SAP2000 and Introduction and Overview to SAP2000 Manual

Sap 2000 founded about 30 years ago and is the most widely used structural software in Latin America, Portugal, Italy and Spain. It is also very popular in Asia and UK as well. In parallel the second most widely used software are StaadPro, ETABS and Risa 3D.

   The SAP name has been synonymous with state-of-the-art analytical methods since its introduction over 30 years ago

Also check:Hot mix Asphalt pavement technology

However, the grids provided in SAP makes it easier to create the geometric input than with the StaadPro or any other software of the same kind. Dynamic analysis is stronger in SAP2000 for example earthquake force applied in any direction, automatic lumping of masses for earthquake, live load reduction, bridges transient loads, eigen modes and ritz modes, etc. it has facilities for creep and shrinkage of concrete. Its ability to solve heterogeneous soil-structure interaction clearly differentiates it from others.

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Introduction to Fly ash and Classification of Fly ash and Properties of Fly ash

Introduction to Fly ash and the Durability of Fly ash ?
       

Pulverized fuel ash commonly known as Fly ash, is comprised of the non-combustible mineral portion of coal. When coal is consumed in a power plant, it is first ground to the fineness of powder. Blown into the power plant’s boiler, the carbon is consumed — leaving molten particles rich in silica, alumina and calcium. These particles solidify as microscopic, glassy spheres that are collected from the power plant’s exhaust before they can “fly” away — hence the product’s name: Fly Ash.

Fly ash is a pozzolanic When mixed with lime (calcium hydroxide), pozzolanics combine to form cementitious compounds. Concrete containing fly ash becomes stronger, more durable, and more resistant to chemical attack.

Classification of Fly ash:

  ASTM C618 classifies the fly ash into two classes:

·          Class F

·          Class C

·         Class F Fly ash:

Fly ash normally produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal falls in this category. This class of fly ash exhibits pozzolanic property but rarely if any, self-hardening property. In Class F fly ash, total calcium typically ranges from 1 to 12 percent, mostly in the form of calcium hydroxide, calcium sulphate, and glassy components in combination with silica and alumina.

·         Class C Fly ash:

Fly ash normally produced from lignite or sub- bituminous coal is the only material included in this category. This class of fly ash has both pozzolanic and varying degree of self cementitious properties. Most class C fly ashes contain more than 15 % CaO. But some class C fly ashes may contain as little as 10 % CaO.

NOTE: The chief difference between Class F and Class C fly ash is in the amount of calcium and the silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash.The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e. bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite). 

Quality of Fly ash:

The quality of Fly ash is governed by IS 3812-2003-Part1&2.In this Standard Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA i.e., fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash or mound ash) has been divided into two categories:

·      Siliceous PFA normally produced by burning anthracite or bituminous coal and normally contains reactive CaO less than 10% by mass.

·         Calcareous PFA normally produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal and reactive CaO not less than 10% by mass.

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Also check: Hot mix asphalt pavement technology