Mix design of special High strength concrete M60 grade concrete and its properties

Definition of Concrete Mix Design:

It is obtained by mixing cementitious materials water and aggregates and admixtures in required proportions. The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure hardens into a rock like mass known as concrete.

Concrete is generally classified as Normal Strength Concrete (NSC). High Strength Concrete (HSC) and Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC). Indian Standard Recommended Methods of Mix design denotes the boundary at 35 MPa between NXC and HSC. They did not talk about UHSC. But elsewhere in the international forum, about thirty years ago, the high strength table was applied to concrete having strength above 40 MPa. More recently, and the threshold rose to 50 to 60 MPa. In the modern batching plants high strength concrete is produced in a mechanical manner of course, one has to take care about mix proportioning , shape of aggregates, use of supplementary cementitious materials, silica fume and super plasticize-rs. There are special methods of making high strength concrete. They are given below.

1.  Seeding
2.  Re-vibration
3.   High Speed Slurry Mixing
4.   Use of Admixtures
5.  Inhibition of Cracks
6.  Sulphur  Impregnation
7. Use of Cementitious Aggregates 

    Application of High strength concrete:

It is used for tall buildings and large-span bridges, it is clear that use of high-strength leads to reduce column sizes and beam depths. In additions in results in improved performance in terms of creep, shrinkage and other elastic proprieties that yield a more favorable deformation pattern for tall buildings.

The improved elastic properties also limit the reduce elastic shortening and other secondary effects. Hence, high-strength concrete has found application in various structures used by various industries. The application of high-strength concrete in different industries around the world.    
Here we are giving information about the percentage compressive strength of concrete.

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   To know more about the Mix design of special high strength concrete download the pdf file.

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Divine vastu shastra tips for your home's entrance main doors

Vastu for Main door

The main door of the house should be larger than the other doors of the house.

The main door should have two shutters and open to the inside of the building. Teak is a good material for the entrance door.

It is said that No Vastu will be applied to a house if the house has four side Entrance.

It is best that a house has two entrances. The exit door should be smaller than the entrance, and it should have only one shutter. If there are two external doors for the house, they should not be set in a straight line.

When one enters the house, there should not be a wall in front of the entrance. There should be a door that opens to the next room. A shadow should not fall on the main door. The main door of the house should not be below ground. Neither should the main door be in the center of the house, nor in the extreme corners. If the door is set in the north wall, move it east of center; if it’s in the east wall, move it north of center. If it is set in the south wall, it should be moved east of center; if it is in the west wall, move it south of center. Some authorities say that if the house’s entrance is in the west wall. It should be centered. Some Vastu authorities say that to figure out where to place a main door, divide the house into nine parts. The door should be in the fourth section of the house from the left hand side. From the right side of the house, the entrance is in the sixth division from the right.

The main door should not be situated across from the main door of another house. The entrance doors of two houses should not be exactly opposing one another. Neither should two houses share a common entrance.

If the entrance of the house is to the south, there should not be a balcony or verandah in front of the door.

It is good to set gates to both the property and the entrance to the house on the north or east sides. It is also all right to have the main door on the west wall. It is not advised to have the main entrance on the south side.

It is considered auspicious if the entrance to the property and the main door of the house are on the same side. It is not considered good if the main door to the house is on the opposite side to the entrance of the property.

There should not be an underground tank, septic tank, or canal under the main entrance. There should not be any abandoned, wrecked buildings in front of the main entrance.

It is good to decorate a house’s entrance with pictures or statues of Lakshmi, Ganesh or Kubera and auspicious signs such as OM or the Swastika.

Inauspicious pictures should not be on the door.

Doors should have thresholds.

Shoes should not be kept in front of the door, but to the side.

The door should not be slanted, sliding, or circular.

Also check : Vastu Tips To Decorate Pooja Room

The power vastu colors for home and color as expression in vastu

 Color As Expression in vastu

Color is one of the strongest expressions of energy and as such, is a powerful tool in creating the mood, and keeping mind in peace or the energy you desire. Color is considered an excellent cure and is used according to the five elements.

Five elements:Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water

Vastu tips for your flats and apartments and residential

 Explanation of each element:

1.   EARTH: Light Yellow, Sandy/Earthy, Light Brown
2.   WOOD: Green, Brown
3.   METAL: White, Grey
4.  WATER: Blue, Black
5.   FIRE: Red, Strong Yellow, Orange, Purple, Pink

One of the principles of five elements, which are Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water. Elements interact between themselves in certain ways, generally defined as the Productive and Destructive cycles.

 For example:

If you need the water element in your North facing study, you would consider adding blue, the color of the water element of the North.

You will add coral red in the South bathroom for the fire element of the South or spring green accents in an East facing living room for the wood element of the East. Colors are also chosen according to the birth element of people who live in the house.

Vastu shastra has a similar complex approach to the choice of color. However, the color correspondence for various directions is different. Color is chosen according to the ruling planet of the specific direction, not its element. So, if you want to paint a room in the South-east of your home.

You will add coral red in the South bathroom for the fire element of the South or spring green accents in an East facing living room for the wood element of the East. Colors are also chosen according to the birth element of people who live in the house.

Vastu shastra has a similar complex approach to the choice of color. However, the color correspondence for various directions is different. Color is chosen according to the ruling planet of the specific direction, not its element. So, if you want to paint a room in the South-east of your home.

 For example:             

you will choose the silver white color of the ruling planet of the Southeast direction, which is Venus. Color is also advised in vastu shastra according to the zodiac sign of the inhabitants.

For example: 

If you are a Gemini, green colors will be best for your energy, and if you are an Aquarius then pink and blue will be your best choices. 

Vastu Tips To Decorate Pooja Room

Here Are Some Easy Colour Tips For Your Home:

• Colour Green is excellent for improving health and balancing family life when used in the East area of your home.
• Colour Blue is a very good  choice in the North area to support the energy of your carrier growth or in the East (Health and family) and South-east (Wealth/Money) to water and nourish the Wood element.
• Have some strong Yellow in the South area for happy gatherings and good times.
• Pure White in the West area (Creative and Children) will bring supportive energy for all your creative endeavours.

Before using specific colours in your home as  be sure to study the light patterns throughout the day in the room. Would the colour feel good in the morning? How about at night with artificial Lighting?

Be sure the chosen colour has a good relationship with the other "inhabitants" of your home, such as your furniture pieces, decor objects, art, etc. You would like all of them to have a good time, rather than argue and continuously fight for your attention!

List building types and building construction types and pdf file

Definition of building types:

Buildings are classified according to principal activity, which is the primary business, residential, or function carried on within each building. Buildings used for more than one of the activities described below are assigned to the activity occupying the most floorspace. Thus, a building assigned to a particular principal activity category may be used for other activities in a portion of its space or at some time during the year.

List of building types:

1 Agricultural buildings
2 Commercial buildings
3 Dwellings
4 Educational buildings
5 Arts, culture, and entertainment buildings
6 Government buildings
6.1 Law enforcement buildings
7 Industrial buildings
8 Military buildings
9 Parking and storage
10 Religious buildings
11 Transit stations

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Horizontal curves and delination and friction for horizontal curves and formulas

Definition of horizontal curves:

Horizontal Curves are one of the two important transition elements in geometric design for highways (along with Vertical Curves). A horizontal curve provides a transition between two tangent strips of roadway, allowing a vehicle to negotiate a turn at a gradual rate rather than a sharp cut. 

The design of the curve is dependent on the intended design speed for the roadway, as well as other factors including drainage and friction. These curves are semicircles as to provide the driver with a constant turning rate with radii determined by the laws of physics surrounding centripetal force.

Properties of horizontal curves:

When a vehicle makes a turn, two forces are acting upon it. The first is gravity, which pulls the vehicle toward the ground. The second is centripetal force, which is an external force required to keep the vehicle on a curved path. For any given velocity, the centripetal force would need to be greater for a tighter turn (one with a smaller radius) than a broader one (one with a larger radius). On a level surface, side friction could serve as a countering force, but it generally would provide very little resistance. Thus, the vehicle would have to make a very wide circle in order to negotiate a turn. Given that road designs usually encounter very narrow design areas, such wide turns are generally discouraged.

Formula of horizontal curves:

The allowable radius R for a horizontal curve can then be determined by knowing the intended design velocity V, the coefficient of friction, and the allowed super elevation on the curve.

With this radius, practitioners can determine the degree of curve to see if it falls within acceptable standards. Degree of curve, D_{a}, can be computed through the following formula, which is given in Metric.

Where:

= Degree of curve [angle subtended by a 30.5-m (100 ft) arc along the horizontal curve.

Full download Simple horizontal curves pdf

Full download design of horizontal curves pdf

Theodolite Traversing in Survey and Procedure and Angle mesurements

Definition of Theodolite:

An optical instrument consisting of a small mounted telescope rotatable in horizontal and vertical planes, used to measure angles in surveying, meteorology, and navigation.

How to operate:

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews three for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. The instrument is then set level using levelling footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit bubbles.

To know more about the Theodolite traversing download the pdf file.

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What is Tacheometry and Tacheometric Surveying

Definition of Tacheometric Surveying:

Tacheometry is the branch of Surveying in which we determine the horizontal and vertical distances with the angular measurements with Tachemometer. It is not so accurate method of finding the horizontal distances as the Chaining, but it is most suitable for carrying out the surveys to find the distances in the hilly area where other methods are quite difficult being carried out.

Example:

It is generally used to locate contours, hydrographic surveys and laying out routes of highways, railways etc.

To know more about Tacheometry Survey and the applications of Tacheometry Survey download the pdf file.

Full download Tacheometric survey pdf

Brick wall calculator and construction cost calculator

Definition of brickwork calculator:

This Calculator/Estimator will provide the quantities of bricks, blocks and mortar required for a given area for metric bricks as well as 100mm, 140mm & 215mm blockwork. It will also provide approximate brick work prices.

To know more about the quantities brick, mortar needed for the construction refer the pdf file

Full download calculating building material quantities pdf

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Special concretes and types and applications of special concrete and its properties

Definition of concrete:

Civil engineering formulas pdf free download

Civil engineering formula guide:

Civil engineering formula guide is a hand book used for quick reference of any formulas or any conversions factors,  unit measurements, building and structural formulas, bridge and suspension-cable formulas, Highway and road formulas, Beam formulas. To know more formulae download the link file.

Civil engineering is sub divided into branches like

• Structural engineering
• Architectural engineering
• Transportation engineering
• Environmental engineering
• Geotechnical engineering
• Construction engineering 
• Surveying
• Water resource engineering
• Municipal engineering
•  Tunnel engineering
• Coastal engineering
• Earth quake engineering
• Material engineering

1. Structural engineering:- In the field of structural engineering it mainly concentrate in the areas like Analysis and design of pre-stressed concrete, Advanced and analysis and design of structures, Advanced concrete design, Advanced composite material and their uses in structures, Finite element analysis for structural engineering, Structural dynamics and vice-versa.                                                                                                                                                          
2.  Architectural engineering:- In the field of architectural engineering it mainly deals with specific topics like .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3.  Environmental engineering:- Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions

 Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used.

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To know the formulas and quick reference download the pdf file 

Full download Civil engineering formula guide

Full download Civil engineering formula guide I

Bathymetry survey equipments manual guide and method

Definition of bathymetry:

 Paleobathymetry is the study of underwater depths in the past.The term “bathymetry” originally referred to the ocean’s depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain.

This technique measures the depth only a singular point at a time, and is therefore inefficient. It is also subject to movements of the ship and currents moving the line out of true and therefore is inaccurate.

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Full download topographic and bathymetry survey

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