Divine vastu shastra tips for your home's entrance main doors

Vastu for Main door

The main door of the house should be larger than the other doors of the house.

The main door should have two shutters and open to the inside of the building. Teak is a good material for the entrance door.

It is said that No Vastu will be applied to a house if the house has four side Entrance.

It is best that a house has two entrances. The exit door should be smaller than the entrance, and it should have only one shutter. If there are two external doors for the house, they should not be set in a straight line.

When one enters the house, there should not be a wall in front of the entrance. There should be a door that opens to the next room. A shadow should not fall on the main door. The main door of the house should not be below ground. Neither should the main door be in the center of the house, nor in the extreme corners. If the door is set in the north wall, move it east of center; if it’s in the east wall, move it north of center. If it is set in the south wall, it should be moved east of center; if it is in the west wall, move it south of center. Some authorities say that if the house’s entrance is in the west wall. It should be centered. Some Vastu authorities say that to figure out where to place a main door, divide the house into nine parts. The door should be in the fourth section of the house from the left hand side. From the right side of the house, the entrance is in the sixth division from the right.

The main door should not be situated across from the main door of another house. The entrance doors of two houses should not be exactly opposing one another. Neither should two houses share a common entrance.

If the entrance of the house is to the south, there should not be a balcony or verandah in front of the door.

It is good to set gates to both the property and the entrance to the house on the north or east sides. It is also all right to have the main door on the west wall. It is not advised to have the main entrance on the south side.

It is considered auspicious if the entrance to the property and the main door of the house are on the same side. It is not considered good if the main door to the house is on the opposite side to the entrance of the property.

There should not be an underground tank, septic tank, or canal under the main entrance. There should not be any abandoned, wrecked buildings in front of the main entrance.

It is good to decorate a house’s entrance with pictures or statues of Lakshmi, Ganesh or Kubera and auspicious signs such as OM or the Swastika.

Inauspicious pictures should not be on the door.

Doors should have thresholds.

Shoes should not be kept in front of the door, but to the side.

The door should not be slanted, sliding, or circular.

Also check : Vastu Tips To Decorate Pooja Room

The power vastu colors for home and color as expression in vastu

 Color As Expression in vastu

Color is one of the strongest expressions of energy and as such, is a powerful tool in creating the mood, and keeping mind in peace or the energy you desire. Color is considered an excellent cure and is used according to the five elements.

Five elements:Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water

Vastu tips for your flats and apartments and residential

 Explanation of each element:

1.   EARTH: Light Yellow, Sandy/Earthy, Light Brown
2.   WOOD: Green, Brown
3.   METAL: White, Grey
4.  WATER: Blue, Black
5.   FIRE: Red, Strong Yellow, Orange, Purple, Pink

One of the principles of five elements, which are Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water. Elements interact between themselves in certain ways, generally defined as the Productive and Destructive cycles.

 For example:

If you need the water element in your North facing study, you would consider adding blue, the color of the water element of the North.

You will add coral red in the South bathroom for the fire element of the South or spring green accents in an East facing living room for the wood element of the East. Colors are also chosen according to the birth element of people who live in the house.

Vastu shastra has a similar complex approach to the choice of color. However, the color correspondence for various directions is different. Color is chosen according to the ruling planet of the specific direction, not its element. So, if you want to paint a room in the South-east of your home.

You will add coral red in the South bathroom for the fire element of the South or spring green accents in an East facing living room for the wood element of the East. Colors are also chosen according to the birth element of people who live in the house.

Vastu shastra has a similar complex approach to the choice of color. However, the color correspondence for various directions is different. Color is chosen according to the ruling planet of the specific direction, not its element. So, if you want to paint a room in the South-east of your home.

 For example:             

you will choose the silver white color of the ruling planet of the Southeast direction, which is Venus. Color is also advised in vastu shastra according to the zodiac sign of the inhabitants.

For example: 

If you are a Gemini, green colors will be best for your energy, and if you are an Aquarius then pink and blue will be your best choices. 

Vastu Tips To Decorate Pooja Room

Here Are Some Easy Colour Tips For Your Home:

• Colour Green is excellent for improving health and balancing family life when used in the East area of your home.
• Colour Blue is a very good  choice in the North area to support the energy of your carrier growth or in the East (Health and family) and South-east (Wealth/Money) to water and nourish the Wood element.
• Have some strong Yellow in the South area for happy gatherings and good times.
• Pure White in the West area (Creative and Children) will bring supportive energy for all your creative endeavours.

Before using specific colours in your home as  be sure to study the light patterns throughout the day in the room. Would the colour feel good in the morning? How about at night with artificial Lighting?

Be sure the chosen colour has a good relationship with the other "inhabitants" of your home, such as your furniture pieces, decor objects, art, etc. You would like all of them to have a good time, rather than argue and continuously fight for your attention!

List building types and building construction types and pdf file

Definition of building types:

Buildings are classified according to principal activity, which is the primary business, residential, or function carried on within each building. Buildings used for more than one of the activities described below are assigned to the activity occupying the most floorspace. Thus, a building assigned to a particular principal activity category may be used for other activities in a portion of its space or at some time during the year.

List of building types:

1 Agricultural buildings
2 Commercial buildings
3 Dwellings
4 Educational buildings
5 Arts, culture, and entertainment buildings
6 Government buildings
6.1 Law enforcement buildings
7 Industrial buildings
8 Military buildings
9 Parking and storage
10 Religious buildings
11 Transit stations

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Horizontal curves and delination and friction for horizontal curves and formulas

Definition of horizontal curves:

Horizontal Curves are one of the two important transition elements in geometric design for highways (along with Vertical Curves). A horizontal curve provides a transition between two tangent strips of roadway, allowing a vehicle to negotiate a turn at a gradual rate rather than a sharp cut. 

The design of the curve is dependent on the intended design speed for the roadway, as well as other factors including drainage and friction. These curves are semicircles as to provide the driver with a constant turning rate with radii determined by the laws of physics surrounding centripetal force.

Properties of horizontal curves:

When a vehicle makes a turn, two forces are acting upon it. The first is gravity, which pulls the vehicle toward the ground. The second is centripetal force, which is an external force required to keep the vehicle on a curved path. For any given velocity, the centripetal force would need to be greater for a tighter turn (one with a smaller radius) than a broader one (one with a larger radius). On a level surface, side friction could serve as a countering force, but it generally would provide very little resistance. Thus, the vehicle would have to make a very wide circle in order to negotiate a turn. Given that road designs usually encounter very narrow design areas, such wide turns are generally discouraged.

Formula of horizontal curves:

The allowable radius R for a horizontal curve can then be determined by knowing the intended design velocity V, the coefficient of friction, and the allowed super elevation on the curve.

With this radius, practitioners can determine the degree of curve to see if it falls within acceptable standards. Degree of curve, D_{a}, can be computed through the following formula, which is given in Metric.

Where:

= Degree of curve [angle subtended by a 30.5-m (100 ft) arc along the horizontal curve.

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Theodolite Traversing in Survey and Procedure and Angle mesurements

Definition of Theodolite:

An optical instrument consisting of a small mounted telescope rotatable in horizontal and vertical planes, used to measure angles in surveying, meteorology, and navigation.

How to operate:

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews three for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. The instrument is then set level using levelling footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit bubbles.

To know more about the Theodolite traversing download the pdf file.

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What is Tacheometry and Tacheometric Surveying

Definition of Tacheometric Surveying:

Tacheometry is the branch of Surveying in which we determine the horizontal and vertical distances with the angular measurements with Tachemometer. It is not so accurate method of finding the horizontal distances as the Chaining, but it is most suitable for carrying out the surveys to find the distances in the hilly area where other methods are quite difficult being carried out.

Example:

It is generally used to locate contours, hydrographic surveys and laying out routes of highways, railways etc.

To know more about Tacheometry Survey and the applications of Tacheometry Survey download the pdf file.

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Brick wall calculator and construction cost calculator

Definition of brickwork calculator:

This Calculator/Estimator will provide the quantities of bricks, blocks and mortar required for a given area for metric bricks as well as 100mm, 140mm & 215mm blockwork. It will also provide approximate brick work prices.

To know more about the quantities brick, mortar needed for the construction refer the pdf file

Full download calculating building material quantities pdf

Also check : Bentley staad pro v8i Step By Step Procedure

Special concretes and types and applications of special concrete and its properties

Definition of concrete:

Civil engineering formulas pdf free download

Civil engineering formula guide:

Civil engineering formula guide is a hand book used for quick reference of any formulas or any conversions factors,  unit measurements, building and structural formulas, bridge and suspension-cable formulas, Highway and road formulas, Beam formulas. To know more formulae download the link file.

Civil engineering is sub divided into branches like

• Structural engineering
• Architectural engineering
• Transportation engineering
• Environmental engineering
• Geotechnical engineering
• Construction engineering 
• Surveying
• Water resource engineering
• Municipal engineering
•  Tunnel engineering
• Coastal engineering
• Earth quake engineering
• Material engineering

1. Structural engineering:- In the field of structural engineering it mainly concentrate in the areas like Analysis and design of pre-stressed concrete, Advanced and analysis and design of structures, Advanced concrete design, Advanced composite material and their uses in structures, Finite element analysis for structural engineering, Structural dynamics and vice-versa.                                                                                                                                                          
2.  Architectural engineering:- In the field of architectural engineering it mainly deals with specific topics like .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3.  Environmental engineering:- Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions

 Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used.

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To know the formulas and quick reference download the pdf file 

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Bathymetry survey equipments manual guide and method

Definition of bathymetry:

 Paleobathymetry is the study of underwater depths in the past.The term “bathymetry” originally referred to the ocean’s depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain.

This technique measures the depth only a singular point at a time, and is therefore inefficient. It is also subject to movements of the ship and currents moving the line out of true and therefore is inaccurate.

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Also check :  Total Station Field Mapping

Also check : Ansys Software tutorial

Ansys tutorial user manual installation guide step by step procedure

Definition of ANSYS :

The definition of ANSYS in Analysis System.


To know step by step procedure of installation of the Ansys and the procedure to learn ansys download the pdf files.

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Also check: Field techniques manual

Field Techniques Manual GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing

Field Techniques Manual : GPS, GIS and Remote Sensing

Definition of GPS:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technical marvel made possible by a group of satellites in earth orbit that transmit precise signals, allowing GPS receivers to calculate and display accurate location, speed, and time information to the user.
GPS was originally created by the United States Department of Defense (DOD) as a military application. 

 GPS signals may be blocked by dense forest, canyon walls, or skyscrapers, and they don’t penetrate indoor spaces well, so some locations may not permit accurate GPS navigation.

While the U.S. owned and operated GPS is currently the only active system, five other satellite-based global navigation systems are being developed by individual nations.

Definition of GIS:
A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information on the monitor or the display.

Definition of remote sensing:
The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

To know more download the pdf file

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Vastu tips for your flats and apartments and residential

Vastu for your flat:

Main Entrance: Entrance from east, north,  or north east is considered as a good sign. Entrance from south or west should be avoided because from this direction afternoon injurious infrared rays enter into your apartment. 
Master Bedroom: The master bedroom should be in the South west corner and if the flat has more than one floor master bedroom should be on the top floor.
Children’s bedroom: Its advisable to have kid’s room in north-east or the north-west direction.
Guest Room: Northwest direction is preferred for the guest room and also it is considered to be very auspicious for unmarried girls.
Drawing room: The drawing room should be in Northwest or East direction with maximum Furnishings placed in the south and west directions. Maximum open space must be kept in south and east directions.
Kitchen: Kitchen should be in Southeast corner of the flat with the cook must always face east when cooking. The water taps in a kitchen must be in the Northeastern direction. Kitchen should not be adjacent to the toilets. If South-east is not possible than you can keep the kitchen in the North-west in an exceptional case.
Balconies and Windows: As per vastu guidelines apartment with north or east facing windows and balconies are ideal, as morning sunlight brings positivity into the house. South or west facing windows are not recommended in vastu as afternoon rays are not good for health.
Bath Room & Toilets: Bath rooms should be in west or south with drains flow in the north-east. And the WC cabinet facing North or South.
Pooja room: Pooja room should be in Northeast direction of the flat.
Study Room: Study room can be in Northeast, Northwest, North, West, East corners with the study table kept in Eastern or Northern wall.
Store Room: It is preferred to be at Southern part of the building.
Water storage tank: It should be in the north-eastern corner as early morning sunlight with ultraviolet rays which help in water purification will hit. Use tanks which can absorb sun ray and in case it is plastic tank use dark color which can easily absorb sun rays.

Water treatment plant and sewage treatment and drinking water standards according to WHO and indian standards

Definition of water treatment plant:

Water treatment describes industrial-scale processes that make water more acceptable for an end-use, which may be drinking, industrial, or medical. Water treatment is unlike small-scale water sterilization that campers and other people in wilderness areas practice. Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their concentration that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use, which may be safely returning used water to the environment.
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose may be solids separation using physical processes such as settling and filtration, and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation.
Biological processes are employed in the treatment of waste water and these processes may include.
 example: Aerated lagoons, Activated sludge or slow sand filters.

Sewage treatment:

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from waste water and household sewage, both effluents, domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such technology on a production scale in its production of new water.

Pre-treatment

Pre-treatment removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment classifiers. Objects that are commonly removed during pre-treatment include trash, tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other large objects.

The in fluent in sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream.This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, while in smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become en trained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process.

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Full download drinking water standards according to WHO

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Full download water treatment plant project report

Full download drinking water treatment act

Also check :Ceramic materials types properties and history

Vastu shastra for office and positioning of chair at work

Vastu for position of office Chair:

•          Vastu science will advise you to place your office chair in such a way that you face towards the North-East.
•      North-East in your office is a brick wall. Will you like to face a dead wall? Imagine further that there is a window in the North-East and there is a door in the opposite direction that is South-West; if you place your chair in the South-West zone with a view to facing North-East, it will again not be correct since there is an opening behind your chair which will lead to a sense of insecurity and surprise for you.
•       Let us paint another picture. Let there be a solid wall behind your chair and let there be a window in the North-East but there is a window in the North-West as well and this window gives you a view of the pleasant greenery and moving traffic ; would you avoid the window in the North-West which gives you a more energetic view just to adhere to the principle of facing North-East as per Vastu?
•        If you do so, you are working against the common sense. Let us imagine one more scenario. If the entrance to your office is either left or right to your chair, there is a solid wall behind your chair and there is a North-East window as well in front of your chair which provides you a very pleasant view, will you accept this situation? No. The reason is simple. The entrant to your office will have a look on you first as he is entering your office from your left or right side.
•         But the necessary requirement is that you should have a first look on the entrant rather than the other way round because the advantage of a fraction of a second which you will thus get will provide you an opportunity to read the body language of the entrant. In view of the aforesaid, can we describe a Placement, Vaastu friendly, which otherwise goes against functional requirement and aesthetic sense?
•          Can Vastu concepts be illogical and against reason and common sense? No. If we go through the ancient treatise of Samrangan Sutradhar, Mansara, Sthapatya Veda and the Maya Mattam, we will find that a Vaastu advice is a synthesis of space, time, individual, geometric axis and Geo magnetic axis. Therefore, to say that we should always face the North-East while sitting in an office is grossly incorrect.
•        With a view to giving out a definite and unconfused plan of aligning the chair of the head of the office, we will have to set out the necessary requirements and the order of priorities in which they are to be adhered to. The first requirement is that your chair should have a solid wall behind it.
•        The second requirement is to place your chair in such a way that you get a look of the entrant first rather than he having a look on you first ; this requirement has a sub section as well and that is that line of sight collimation should not be direct. It means that your chair should not be directly opposite to the entrance; it should have an offset, howsoever little it may be.

The third requirement is that you should have preferably a pleasant view of the surroundings, traffic, water bodies and the greenery from your sitting position. We will also club the necessity of having adequate circulation area and freedom of movement in this requirement. The fourth requirement is that if there are more people sitting in the same office, the chair of the head of the office should be towards the South-West of the chairs of the sub-ordinates. The fifth and the final requirement is that you should face North-East.

These requirements are in the order of priorities in which they have been mentioned. It can readily be conceded from the aforesaid that facing North-East gives additional benefits only after the necessities of having a solid wall behind, an energetic view in the front, a preferential look on the entrant and an adequate circulation area have been met with.

Ceramic materials types properties and history

History of Ceramic:

Archaeologists have uncovered man-made ceramics that date back to at least 24,000 BC. These ceramics were found in Czechoslovakia and were in the form of animal and human figures, slabs. These ceramics were made of animal fat and bone mixed with bone ash and a fine clay like material. After forming, the ceramics were fired at temperatures between 500-800°C in domed and horseshoe shaped kilns partially dug into the ground with loses walls

Since these ancient times, the technology and applications of ceramics (including glass) has steadily increased. We often take for granted the major role that ceramics have played in the progress of humankind. Below are just a few examples of how important ceramics are to society.

Definition of ceramic:

 Ceramics is a refractory, inorganic, and nonmetallic material.

Ceramics can be divided into two classes:

1.  Traditional and 
2. Advanced.

 Traditional ceramics:

  It  include clay products, silicate glass and cement.

 Advanced ceramics:

  Consist of carbides, pure oxides, nitrites , non-silicate glasses and many others. 

Advantages: 

• They are harder and stiffer than steel.
• More heat and corrosion resistant, than metals or polymers.
• Less dense than most metals and their alloys. and 
• Their raw materials are both plentiful and inexpensive. 
• Ceramic materials display a wide range of properties which facilitate their use in many different product areas.

Examples:

 Ceramic Materials are in Military structural components for ground, air and naval vehicles, missiles.

Preparation of Ceramic:

Ceramics are typically produced by the application of heat upon processed clay's and other natural raw materials to form a rigid product. Ceramic products that use naturally occurring rocks and minerals as a starting material must undergo special processing in order to control purity, particle size, particle size distribution, and heterogeneity. These attributes play a big role in the final properties of the finished ceramic. Chemically prepared powders also are used as starting materials for some ceramic products. These synthetic materials can be controlled to produce powders with precise chemical compositions and particle size.

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Procedure for Collecting Total Station Field Mapping Data and Entry into BG Map Software

Procedure for Collecting Total Station Field Mapping Data and
Entry into BG-Map Software 

  Physical Setup of the Total Station

• Keep all items on the "Checklist for Field Collecting" and bring all items necessary to the field mapping location. 
• Go out into the field and find the control point that will become the first site for data collection. Be sure to know the identification number of this control point. 
• Visually locate and determine the identification number of the second control point that will allow you to orient the total station properly.  

To know more about Total Station Survey Systems (TSSS) and the step-by-step procedure of installation of total station on the tripod and procedure to use the total station download the Adobe file.

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Prismatic Compass its necessities and its procedure

Compass Surveying:

Compass surveying is a branch of surveying in which directions of surveying lines are determined with a compass and the length of lines are measured with a tape or chain. In practice the compass is generally used to run a traverse.

In surveying,"Traverse" consists of a series of straight lines connected together to form a open or a closed polygon.

Methods of traversing: 

Depending on the type of instrument used for the measurement of angles the method of Traversing can be classified as under;1.Chain Traverse
2.Compass Traverse.

3.Plane Table Traverse.

4. Stadia Traverse.

5.Theodolite Traverse.

To know more about Compass Survey and the step-by-step procedure of installation of Compass on the tripod and procedure to use the Compass download the Adobe file.

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Concrete Mix Design As Per Indian Standard Code 10262:2009

Concrete Mix Design

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted.

The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index of its other properties, depends upon many factors.

Example: Quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. The cost of concrete is made up of the cost of materials, plant and labour. The variations in the cost of materials arise from the fact that the cement is several times costly than the aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking in the structural concrete, and to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking.

The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a minimum mean strength called characteristic strength that is specified by the designer of the structure. 

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Bentley staad pro v8i Step By Step Procedure

Definition of STAAD PRO

STAAD or (STAAD. Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. 

An older version called Staad-III for windows is used by Iowa State University for educational purposes for civil and structural engineers.

The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.

It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.

 Additionally STAAD.Pro has added direct links to applications such as RAM Connection and STAAD.Foundation to provide engineers working with those applications which handle design post processing not handled by STAAD.Pro itself. Another form of integration supported by STAAD.Pro is the analysis schema of the CIMsteel Integration Standard, version 2 commonly known as CIS/2 and used by a number modelling and analysis applications.

• Flexible modeling is provided by a state-of-the-art graphical environment and the design supports over 70 international codes and over 20 U.S. codes in 7 languages.

• An array of advanced structural analysis and design features are included such as nuclear certification for 10CFR Part 50, 10CFR 21, ASME NQA-1-2000, time history and push over analysis and cable (linear and non-linear) analysis.

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Total Station Surveying Instrument

Definition of Total Station

Total station is surveying instrument that combines the angle measuring capabilities of a theodolite with an EDM capability into a single tool.

Total station is usually operated by a surveyor assisted by a laborer or geodesist who carries the target pole to the points of detail to be surveyed.

Theodolite is instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles by means of a telescope.

Robotic total station is a type of 'total station' that is operated remotely by the surveyor. 

INTRODUCTION: 

• The total station is designed for the measurement of the vertical angles, horizontal angles, immeasurable distances in time saving manner.
• The basic principles of Total station is speed and accuracy, total station are developed for maximum convenience of work.
• Angles and distances are measured from the total station to the points of survey.
• Data can be downloaded from the Total Station to a computer and the downloaded data can be converted into a plan using the total station software.
• A Total Station is an optical instrument used in the modern survey, it can also be used by police in crime scenes measurement, insurance companies use total station for the measurement of accident scenes.
• Total station is an instrument which consists of the following

1. Distance measuring instrument (EDM).
2. An angle measuring instrument (Theodolite).
3. A single microprocessor.

Applications of Total Station

The Total Station can be used for the following purpose.

1. Detail survey i.e data collection.
2. Control Survey (Traverse).
3. Height measurement.
4. Fixing of missing pillars.
5. Resection.
6. Area calculation.
7. Remote distance measurement (RDM).

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Airport Geometric design Highway Cross sections Engineering, Planning

AIRPORT GEOMETRIC DESIGN

When designing airport runways, engineers consider the type and volume of air traffic, the impact of noise, and restrictions due to nearby developments such as residential developments, tall buildings, radio towers, etc.

The orientation of the runways is of great importance. The orientation affects the traffic patterns of approaches and takeoffs, which must avoid any obstacles in the surrounding terrain and minimize inconvenience and danger to local residents as well as passengers. The local wind conditions also play a great role in this orientation.

The topography of the area near an airport also affects the winds. Nearby mountains or bodies of water can affect flight wind conditions in ways not obvious from data of prevailing wind conditions.

Many commercial airports have parallel runways. This allows a greater number of take-offs and landings in good weather conditions than does a single runway because planes can use the runways simultaneously. Other airports have triangular runways, which can be in the shape of a V that may be open at the bottom so that the runways do not intersect, or closed so that the runways do intersect. Triangular runways are more adaptable to a variety of wind conditions, as there are more possible directions for take-off and landing.

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Highway Planning Alignment & Geometric Design Principles Of Highway Planning

Geometric design is the patterns and drawings that are measured mathematically in order to attain the measurements required to create something. It is done before actual building or creation takes place.

Geometric design problems:

 Core problems are curve and surface modelling and representation. GD studies especially the construction and manipulation of curves and surfaces given by a set of points using polynomial, rational, piecewise polynomial, or piecewise rational methods. The most important instruments here are parametric curves and parametric surfaces, such as  spline curves and surfaces.

Geometric Pattern

A geometric pattern is a pattern that has repeating shapes such as circles, lines, triangles, ellipses, rectangles, and polygons. The pattern repeats itself over and over in a predictable way. 

Full presentation on Geometric Design